iiø–V–i · G minor
The iiø–V–i in G minor is Am7♭5 – D7♭9 – Gm7. Over Am7♭5 play Locrian (A B♭ C D E♭ F G); Over D7♭9 play Phrygian dominant (D E♭ F♯ G A B♭ C); Over Gm7 play Aeolian (natural minor) (G A B♭ C D E♭ F). G minor is the relative of B♭ major — the trumpet and tenor home key — so this minor cadence turns up in a great deal of horn-band repertoire.
Interactive trainer
Piano · Am7♭5 with Locrian
Guitar · standard tuning
Piano · D7♭9 with Phrygian dominant
Guitar · standard tuning
Piano · Gm7 with Aeolian (natural minor)
Guitar · standard tuning
Click any chord card to see its scale, and tap any key or fret to hear that note. Turn on “+ Arpeggios” or “+ Scales” and the guitar or piano plays the line live over the vamp, lighting each note on the diagram as it sounds. All audio is synthesized in your browser — nothing is recorded or copyrighted.
Reference
| Function | Chord | Chord tones (1–3–5–7) | Chord-scale | Scale notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| iiø⁷ | Am7♭5 | A – C – E♭ – G | Locrian | A B♭ C D E♭ F G |
| V⁷♭⁹ | D7♭9 | D – F♯ – A – C | Phrygian dominant | D E♭ F♯ G A B♭ C |
| i⁷ | Gm7 | G – B♭ – D – F | Aeolian (natural minor) | G A B♭ C D E♭ F |
| Guide tones | Am7♭5 | D7♭9 | Gm7 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | C | F♯ | B♭ |
| 7th | G | C | F |
How to practise this
1. Arpeggios in time. Loop the vamp at 70–90 bpm and play Am7♭5, D7♭9, Gm7 as 1–3–5–7 quarter notes, one chord per bar. Use the “+ Arpeggios” loop above to hear it played and copy the line.
2. Guide tones. Play only the 3rd and 7th of each chord: C–G → F♯–C → B♭–F. Notice that C, the 7th of D7, falls a half-step to B♭, the 3rd of Gm7 — that is the resolution.
3. Chord-scales. Run Locrian on Am7♭5, Phrygian dominant on D7♭9, Aeolian (natural minor) on Gm7, then improvise keeping chord tones on beats 1 and 3.
4. Move it. When G is clean, go to C minor — a fourth up — and keep going around the circle.
Common questions
Am7♭5 – D7♭9 – Gm7. The iiø chord is Am7♭5 (A, C, E♭, G); The V chord is D7♭9 (D, F♯, A, C); The i chord is Gm7 (G, B♭, D, F).
Am7♭5: Locrian (A B♭ C D E♭ F G). D7♭9: Phrygian dominant (D E♭ F♯ G A B♭ C). Gm7: Aeolian (natural minor) (G A B♭ C D E♭ F).
The thirds and sevenths: C and G over Am7♭5, F♯ and C over D7♭9, B♭ and F over Gm7. Each voice moves by a half-step or stays put — that is what makes the progression sound like it resolves.
Loop the vamp at a slow tempo, play each arpeggio 1–3–5–7 in time, then play each chord-scale up and down, then improvise using only chord tones on the strong beats. When it is clean, move to the next key around the circle of fourths.
All twelve keys
Same tonic, other quality: B♭ major (the relative major). Read the theory in What is a ii–V–I?, or see the scales on their own pages: A Locrian, D Harmonic minor, G Aeolian.